Studies show that doctors often ignore the recognized expert-tested practices of our times. Why? And how can plans encourage adherence?
HMO executives trying to encourage physicians to follow clinical practice guidelines sometimes sound like parents trying to persuade their teenagers to tidy up a bedroom. "What we've got here," as the warden said in Cool Hand Luke, "is a failure to communicate."
Just talk to John Wallendjack, M.D. As vice president of medical affairs for HealthAmerica, a for-profit HMO covering 560,000 lives, Wallendjack doesn't ask for much. He simply wants his physicians to follow universally accepted guidelines. The response, too often, is underwhelming.
"If you ask a cardiologist if it's a good idea to use beta blockers, he'll say 'yes' and then not prescribe them," says Wallendjack. "It's very frustrating to us as a plan to encounter this and we've tried many different ways to deal with it."
And don't even mention diabetic retinal eye exams. About 60 percent of patients who qualify for the procedure don't get it, Wallendjack says. HealthAmerica constantly notifies physicians that the exam is covered and that the plan encourages it. "When we ask them, 'Why aren't you getting it done?' there's this great silence that comes back to us."
Stashed in the round file
The disgruntlement felt by John Roglieri, M.D., M.B.A., regarding physician nonadherence to guidelines also runs deep. Roglieri, corporate medical director for NYLCare Health Plans, goes so far as to contend that guidelines don't work because physicians just won't follow them. He says that several years ago he found that half of his physicians were not properly prescribing beta blockers. Roglieri drew up some guidelines and distributed them. The next year, a survey found that even fewer physicians were complying!
"We went back a third time, after we'd established a disease management program, and we found that it had a significant positive impact," he says. "With the DM program you educate the patient to self-care and that gives you more leverage with the doctors."
Wallendjack and Roglieri are not alone in trying to cajole physicians into doing things that established medical wisdom says should be done automatically.
Alan Hillman, M.D., M.B.A., says a great many physicians are perversely marching to their own drummers. "Physicians can spend seven years in a certain type of training process being taught by certain types of role models," says Hillman, who is director of the Center for Health Policy at the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics at the University of Pennsylvania. "When someone says to them, 'Don't do it that way anymore,' they tend to disregard it and stay with what they're comfortable with. Doctors don't like to be told what to do."
We notice, and so does the public, which got a crash course in physician adherence — or nonadherence — to clinical guidelines in a July 8 article in the Wall Street Journal concerning a study by United HealthCare. The 13-million member HMO found that too many doctors were not following guidelines created by recognized medical societies. For instance, general internists in Dallas prescribed beta blockers to only 61 percent of their patients who had suffered a heart attack. Cardiologists in the same area prescribed beta blockers to 67 percent of their patients who had suffered heart attacks.
Scott Weingarten, M.D., director of health services research at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, says the United splash is just the latest in a string of reports pointing to nonadherence. "Every single study I'm aware of comes to the same conclusion," he says. He sees the issue not as much a physician problem as an industry problem. "What HMOs and physician organizations should do is work hard to provide doctors reliable, valid information," says Weingarten.
But even reliable information is useless if physicians can't get to it. Most still use paper records. When they see cases where guidelines may be applicable, it means leaving the patient in the examining room, going to wherever they file their literature and digging out the specific guideline — an awkward and time-consuming process physicians won't often feel the need to undertake.
That's why plans should consider helping providers buy the computer equipment needed to store and instantly display data, says Thomas R. Reardon, M.D., president-elect of the American Medical Association. "One of the things we see at the national level is that the health industry is behind every other industry in the world in terms of collecting data. There's going to be some costs associated with putting in information systems, but somebody's got to do it."
Then there's the issue of which guidelines physicians should follow. "When different HMOs issue different guidelines, it can get very confusing if the guidelines conflict, as they sometimes do," says Weingarten.
Hillman adds, "Most physicians are contracted with multiple insurers or payers who have their own guidelines. What many physicians do is follow an amalgamation of all the guidelines, weighing them in light of their own approaches."
Even NYLCare's Roglieri, who's impatient with physicians who don't follow guidelines, agrees that the problem may be information overload. He asks, "If you're getting guidelines from eight different HMOs, whose are you going to follow?"
But issuing guidelines is a must for any viable health plan; it's one of the National Committee for Quality Assurance's accreditation standards. The NCQA is not specific on which guidelines plans should follow — only that they be created by physicians.
John Goldener, M.D., asks: If physicians need to be included in the creation of guidelines, why not make sure that somewhere in the drafting process, input is collected from doctors belonging to the plan's network. He contends that the issue of physician nonadherence to guidelines may not be as cut and dried as HMO executives would have the public and industry insiders believe.
"What does a disenfranchised physician care if a hospital or managed care organization makes more money because of good management in a risk situation?" says Goldener, who is president and founder of Pediatric Associates of the Main Line, a Wynnewood, Pa., medical group. "There are probably thousands of different clinical pathways but they rarely involve the people practicing. The problem is that there's often a lack of credibility. They're often looked upon as just more intrusive directives placed upon physicians by health plans."
Goldener also says that guidelines must be financially neutral. "To be neutral, no component of the delivery system can be held at financial risk while another segment prospers because of guideline implementation," he says. "Physicians might rebel at adhering to a guideline when it means more work for the physician and greater profits for someone else."
Helene Forte, manager of health programs for Tufts Health Plan, says physicians in that company's network follow guidelines well and just sending doctors reports on adherence is enough of an encouragement. "It may also be that, in certain cases, we may ask them why they're not doing certain things," says Forte. "But that's rare." More important, she says, is that plan officials recognize that "guidelines don't take the place of clinical judgment."
Especially if the guidelines are relatively new, says Peter Juhn, M.D., executive director of Kaiser Permanente's Care Management Institute in Oakland, Calif. Prescribing beta blockers to heart attack patients has been widely accepted only in the last five to seven years. "It is possible that some physicians may not be aware of the information or that they're having trouble integrating the guideline into their practices," says Juhn.
The AMA's Reardon agrees, saying it may be too early to definitively call prescribing beta blockers a guideline. "Beta blockers are part of a guideline. There's a strong recommendation that postinfarctal patients be put on beta blockers." And, Reardon adds, plans should issue benchmarks as well as guidelines. "You have to set your benchmarks at a reasonable level," he says, quickly adding that the rates disclosed in the United study were "obviously too low."
Making waves
They were indeed too low, but that's not the main point United HealthCare officials want to make, says Anne Freiburger, R.N., the company's director of physician profiling. The whole idea is to give doctors a feel for whether they measure up. "We're asking, 'Can we help?'" she says.
To which some physicians reply, "Thanks, but no thanks," according to Philip Nahser, a cardiologist in Greensboro, N.C., who was included in the study. "I'm a firm believer in prescribing beta blockers following heart attacks but a lot of the time the data concerning which patients are on beta blockers are not complete." United HealthCare told him that he had not prescribed beta blockers for eight of his patients when, in fact, he had. All but one of the patients had been on beta blockers since their heart attacks. The one who was not on beta blockers had congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and could not take beta blockers. "The HMO is wasting its time sending me inaccurate data and I'm wasting my time trying to correct the data," says Nahser.
Says Freiburger "Our intention is not to point fingers at physicians. In fact, our physicians have no disagreement with any of the guidelines we've issued. They have concerns that some treatments are not getting done."
But, to echo Nahser, physicians also have concerns about how compliance is measured. That's why Walter Lane, M.D., wants to add what he calls a "third page" to office computer records. Most computer software systems have, as the first screen, the patient's history. Page 2, the second screen, contains insurance company and HMO information. The office visit data, including CPT and ICD-9 codes, are processed based on the two "pages." Lane contends that the diagnosis and procedure codes entered by the staff and processed on Pages 1 and 2 to bill patients could also be used on Page 3 to track guideline compliance.
"While the updated sheet would not be a clinical record, the computer can easily track office protocol compliance," says Lane, president of Tampa Bay Doctors, an independent practice association in Florida. "With very little effort, a receptionist could generate from Page 3 a list of when Pap smears, mammograms, glycated hemoglobins and tetanus shots were last given. A simple modification of computer billing software would greatly enhance compliance without creating additional demands on the physician or his staff."
Lane also contends that guidelines do not usually cover comorbidities. "You don't have a guideline for someone who's diabetic and who also has arthritis and a heart problem. We have three different and often conflicting guidelines, that's all. But they're not comprehensive. They're not even near comprehensive compatibility."
Any information collected, United officials say, should reinforce a physician's actions. For instance, say a doctor did prescribe beta blockers but the patient never bothered getting the prescription filled.
"In that particular instance, the doctor can go back into his records and see that he did prescribe," says Phil Soucheray, a United spokesman. The erroneous information is then corrected in future reports "if doctors are willing to work with us, review their records and let us know if information is out of date." He insists that any encouragement by the plan will be positive. "We're committed to the concept of positive reinforcement rather than punitive action." What form that "reinforcement" will take is still unknown; plan officials "aren't that far along the way."
Anyway, Freiburger insists that reinforcement is not the main issue. Doctors want to use the best methods available to help patients. "The issue is, 'What are the sources of the guidelines?' We are not in the process of handing out guidelines that we have developed. They come from recognized medical associations and are backed up by evidence."
Soucheray says that as yet, United HealthCare hasn't attempted to create a profile of physicians who aren't complying as they should.
But others in the industry say that there seems to be some anecdotal evidence that younger physicians are more willing to follow guidelines.
Gary Brazel, M.D., director of medical affairs for St. Johns Health Systems, a 30,000-member physician-hospital organization in Anderson, Ind., says he's found that physicians 50 or older take a "show-me" stance. For instance, Brazel says that most guidelines on recovery from surgery say that patients can eat light foods, such as Jell-O, within 24 hours after an operation. Physicians who graduated from medical school 25 years ago were taught such patients should have no solids for two days and tend to stick to that treatment.
"I would say you have to provide older physicians with a greater amount of good documentation to persuade them to follow guidelines," says Brazel. "They sometimes have a tough time accepting that the way they were taught 25 years ago may not be the way physicians are taught today."
Financial incentives
One HMO official disputes the contention by Lane and others that there are too many guidelines floating around. Arthur Leibowitz, M.D., chief medical officer for Aetna U.S. Healthcare, says plans and physicians need to look no further than "standards of care that have been accepted by such medical societies as the American Diabetes Association, the American Cancer Society and the American College of Physicians."
Leibowitz can't stress enough that the guidelines he pushes are not written by Aetna U.S. Healthcare. He'll stop a conversation just to slowly reiterate, "Aetna U.S. Healthcare never has nor ever wants to write a guideline. We take the guidelines that others have written that are accepted in medicine." (See "11 Texas health plans read from same guidelines page.")
This year, the 14-million member plan sent out 100,000 report cards to physicians in its network. They're based on claims and administrative data.
"When we go in to look at the requirements for submitting HEDIS data, we actually look at charts in the doctors' offices," says Leibowitz. "What we've been able to do is look at the application of external guidelines."
Feedback from the physicians, obtained by survey, has been mostly positive, he says. "The information systems many doctors have in their offices can't always give them the insight they need. When you ask a doctor, 'Do you realize that your mammography screening rate is lower than those of your peers in the community?' it can't help but improve care. This follows the theory of gravitation toward best practices. We have definitely seen an improvement."
How does Aetna encourage compliance? There is a financial incentive.
"Doctors will comply if somebody over them bases their pay on this," says Leibowitz. Does it work? "On the primary care side, the answer is 'yes.' Our program pays the doctor to provide quality care. He can earn twenty percent above his capitated rate if he follows certain guidelines. This is an actual bonus, not a withhold."
The message is that guidelines can be a win-win situation for everyone — especially plans. A spokesman for one HMO says plans that publicly encourage physicians to follow guidelines are like politicians who rail against criminals — these are can't-lose issues. "You know what kind of coverage the industry has gotten," he says. "This isn't about making money in the short run. These programs are clearly designed to improve the quality of care people get."